Nepal is a landlocked and Himalayan country located in South Asia. It is also one of the fastest urbanizing countries in the region. The rapid urbanization in the Kathmandu Valley has been impacting the urban ecosystems and goods and services they provide, such as groundwater recharge, flood attenuation, soil stabilization, etc. Urban infrastructures and settlements along the riverbanks and hill slopes are more vulnerable due to inadequate urban planning and climate change impacts in the Kathmandu Valley